Qui est sorti avec Adèle de France (née en 1160)?

Aélis de France (ou Adélaïde, Alixou encore Adèle, née le 4 octobre 1160, † apr. janvier 1213), est la fille du roi Louis VII de France (1120-1180) et de sa deuxième épouse, Constance de Castille, qui meurt en accouchant de sa fille.

Henry II ( (1133-March-05) (1189-July-06)5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. During his reign he controlled England, substantial parts of Wales and Ireland, and much of France (including Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine), an area that was later called the Angevin Empire, and also held power over Scotland for a time and the Duchy of Brittany.

Henry was the eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. By the age of fourteen, he became politically and militarily involved in his mother's efforts to claim the English throne, at that time held by her cousin Stephen of Blois. Henry's father made him Duke of Normandy in 1150, and upon his father's death in 1151, Henry inherited Anjou, Maine and Touraine. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine brought him control of the Duchy of Aquitaine. Thus, he controlled most of France. Henry's military expedition to England in 1153 resulted in King Stephen agreeing, by the Treaty of Wallingford, to leave England to Henry; he inherited the kingdom at Stephen's death a year later.

Henry was an energetic and ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the royal lands and prerogatives of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign Henry restored the royal administration in England and led expeditions into Wales in 1157. However, Henry was defeated at the Battle of Ewloe, nearly being killed in the fighting. Henry's desire to control the English Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Soon after his accession, Henry came into conflict with Louis VII of France, his feudal overlord, and the two rulers fought over several decades in what has been termed a "cold war". Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse. Despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached.

Henry and Eleanor had eight children. Three of their sons were kings, Henry the Young King as co-ruler with his father and Richard I and John as sole monarchs. As his sons grew up, Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy their desires for land and immediate power, and tensions rose over the future inheritance of the empire, encouraged by Louis VII and his son Philip II, who ascended to the French throne in 1180. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled against his father. He was subsequently joined in his rebellion by his brothers Richard and Geoffrey as well as their mother. Several European states allied themselves with the rebels, and the Great Revolt was defeated only by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey led another failed revolt in 1183, during which Young Henry died of dysentery. Geoffrey died in 1186. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for Henry's youngest son, John. By 1189, Philip swayed Richard to his side, leading to a final rebellion. Suffering from a bleeding ulcer which sapped the extraordinary energy that was a hallmark of his earlier reign, Henry was decisively defeated by Philip and Richard. He then retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by his son Richard.

Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his son John, but many of the changes Henry introduced during his lengthy rule had long-term impacts. Henry's legal reforms are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland shaped the development of their societies, histories, and governmental systems. Contemporary chroniclers such as Gerald of Wales and William of Newburgh, though sometimes unfavourable, generally lauded Henry's achievements. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also criticized certain aspects of his private life and treatment of Becket.

Richard I^er dit Cœur de Lion, né le 8 septembre 1157 au palais de Beaumont à Oxford, et mort le 6 avril 1199 au siège du château de Châlus-Chabrol, est roi d'Angleterre, duc de Normandie, comte du Maine et comte d'Anjou de 1189 à sa mort, et duc d'Aquitaine et comte de Poitiers dès 1171 ou 1172.

Fils d’Henri II et d’Aliénor d'Aquitaine, élevé en Angleterre et en Anjou, Richard réside plus tard dans le duché d'Aquitaine. Il est solennellement intronisé comte de Poitiers et duc d’Aquitaine en 1171 ou 1172, à l'âge de quatorze ans. Après la mort de son frère aîné Henri le Jeune en 1183, il devient héritier présomptif de la couronne d’Angleterre, mais aussi de l'Anjou, de la Normandie et du Maine. À la mort de son père en 1189, il est couronné roi d'Angleterre et hérite des terres qui constituent l'Empire Plantagenêt. Pendant son règne, qui dure dix ans, il ne séjourne pas plus d'une année dans le royaume d’Angleterre.

Il dirige avec Philippe Auguste la troisième croisade, au cours de laquelle il effectue la conquête de l'île de Chypre et contribue à la prise de Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Il remporte deux victoires décisives contre Saladin, à Arsouf et à Jaffa, mais ne parvient pas à lui reprendre Jérusalem. Capturé à son retour par le duc Léopold d'Autriche, qui le livre à l'empereur Henri VI, il est libéré un an plus tard contre une rançon colossale. Il combat ensuite le roi de France, Philippe Auguste, son ancien compagnon de croisade, afin de récupérer les territoires occupés pendant son absence. Il meurt en 1199 des suites d'une blessure reçue lors du siège du château de Châlus-Chabrol.

En son temps, il est considéré comme un héros, et souvent décrit comme tel dans la littérature. Sa réputation de bravoure lui vaut le surnom de « Cœur de Lion ». Redoutable chef de guerre, il fait également construire une série de châteaux dont il dirige lui-même les travaux. Poète, on connaît de lui deux compositions en langue d'oc et en langue d'oïl. Sa vie a inspiré de nombreux récits légendaires et fabuleux.